M81 Bode's Galaxy (Sky at Night Image of the Month, Apr 2022)
       
     
NGC 4631 The Whale Galaxy
       
     
M35 wide view
       
     
NGC2264 The Christmas Tree Cluster
       
     
Veil Complex at 135mm
       
     
Orion's belt and sword
       
     
M64 The Black Eye Galaxy
       
     
NGC7000 and Deneb
       
     
Mars between Hyades & Pleiades (M45)
       
     
Auriga: M38 IC417 IC410 and IC405
       
     
M31 - Andromeda Galaxy
       
     
Heart & Soul Nebula
       
     
M27 Dumbbell Nebula
       
     
Sadr Region and Crescent Nebula
       
     
NGC 7331
       
     
IC1396 The Elephant's Trunk
       
     
M13 Globular Cluster
       
     
M82 The Cigar Galaxy (published in Astronomy Now, Apr 2022)
       
     
IC5146 Cocoon Nebula
       
     
NGC1893  'The Tadpoles' (IC410)
       
     
NGC 4565 The Needle Galaxy
       
     
M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy
       
     
M42 & IC434 2-pane Mosaic
       
     
M63 The Sunflower Galaxy
       
     
M97 The Owl Nebula
       
     
M108
       
     
The Veil Nebula Complex #RC51SC
       
     
The Leo Triplet  M65  M66  NGC3628
       
     
M42 - Great Orion Nebula
       
     
M1 The Crab Nebula
       
     
Melotte 15
       
     
M15 - Globular Cluster
       
     
NGC6888 The Crescent Nebula
       
     
NGC7000 The North America Nebula
       
     
NGC 2244 Rosette Nebula
       
     
M101
       
     
IC1396 Elephant's Trunk & Herschel's Garnet Star
       
     
M106
       
     
Markarian's Chain - Virgo A galaxy cluster - Collaboration
       
     
IC434 Flame & Horsehead Nebula
       
     
IC405 Flaming Star Nebula & NGC 1893
       
     
The Draco Triplet - NGCs 5981, 5982, 5985
       
     
NGC 7023 Iris Nebula
       
     
NGC 7635 The Bubble Nebula
       
     
NGC891 - edge-on spiral galaxy
       
     
IC1805 The Heart Nebula
       
     
IC 1848 The Soul Nebula
       
     
M31 The Great Andromeda Galaxy - as featured in Astronomy Now Jan 2020
       
     
Ced214 & NGC7822 in Cepheus
       
     
NGC 3628 in Leo
       
     
NGC 281 Pacman Nebula
       
     
NGC1499 California Nebula
       
     
M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy
       
     
M45 - The Pleiades
       
     
M33 Triangulum Galaxy
       
     
Markarian's Chain, Virgo Cluster
       
     
NGC 2264 Cone Nebula & Christmas Tree Cluster
       
     
NGC4889 Galaxy Cluster
       
     
M88
       
     
M81 - Bode's Galaxy
       
     
The Bubble Nebula NGC 7635
       
     
M92 Globular Cluster
       
     
M3 Globular Cluster
       
     
M82 & M81
       
     
M53 Globular Cluster
       
     
Collinder 399 - The Coathanger asterism
       
     
IC5146 Cocoon Nebula
       
     
Large & Small Magellanic Clouds
       
     
M33 Triangulum Galaxy
       
     
NGC 6960 Witch's Broom, Western Veil Nebula
       
     
M35 and NGC2158
       
     
M108 & M97 Owl Nebula
       
     
M100
       
     
M100 - Stretched
       
     
M44 The Beehive Cluster
       
     
M36 cluster
       
     
M63 Sunflower Galaxy
       
     
M37 cluster
       
     
The Leo Triplet:  M65  M66  NGC3628
       
     
M38 cluster & NCG 1907
       
     
M57 Ring Nebula
       
     
M87 Black Hole Gas Jet
       
     
M109
       
     
NGC 2903
       
     
Caldwell 14 The Double Cluster
       
     
M35 cluster & NGC 2158
       
     
NGC7000 The North America Nebula & Pelican Nebula
       
     
IC342 - The Hidden Galaxy
       
     
M81 Bode's Galaxy (Sky at Night Image of the Month, Apr 2022)
       
     
M81 Bode's Galaxy (Sky at Night Image of the Month, Apr 2022)

C11 with cooled camera and LPro filter. 2hr 30mins integration processed with APP and PS.

Home, 4th Feb 2022

NGC 4631 The Whale Galaxy
       
     
NGC 4631 The Whale Galaxy

8” edgeHD with cooled colour camera and LPro filter. No reducer. 25mins integration using 60sec guided frames.

Home, 14th April 2024

M35 wide view
       
     
M35 wide view

135mm Samyang lens at f/2.8 with CMOS colour camera, L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter. 45mins integration with APP and PS.

Home, 6th March 2024

NGC2264 The Christmas Tree Cluster
       
     
NGC2264 The Christmas Tree Cluster

WhiteCAT 51 APO with CMOS colour camera and dual narrowband filter. 2hrs integration with APP and PS.

Home, 18th Jan 2024

Veil Complex at 135mm
       
     
Veil Complex at 135mm

135mm Samyang lens at f/2.8 with CMOS colour camera, L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter and iOptron Skyguider Pro. 75x 60sec exposures processed in APP.

Home, 4th Sept 2023

Orion's belt and sword
       
     
Orion's belt and sword

135mm Samyang lens on CMOS colour camera. 15x120sec exposures with LPro plus 30x 120 with HaOIII filter, processed in APP and PS.

Home, 17-19th Jan 2023

M64 The Black Eye Galaxy
       
     
M64 The Black Eye Galaxy

C11 and CMOS colour camera with LPro filter. 45 x 120sec exposures processed in APP.

Home, 19th Apr 2023

NGC7000 and Deneb
       
     
NGC7000 and Deneb

Samyang 135mm lens shooting at f/2.8 with ASI294MC Pro and L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter under full moon conditions, tracked on iOptron SkyGuider Pro. 1hr 40mins Integration time.

Home, 10th Sep 2022

Mars between Hyades & Pleiades (M45)
       
     
Mars between Hyades & Pleiades (M45)

50mm Canon lens on CMOS colour camera with LPro filter. ZWO AM5 mount unguided. 20mins integration processed in APP and PS.

Home 16th Jan 2023

Auriga: M38 IC417 IC410 and IC405
       
     
Auriga: M38 IC417 IC410 and IC405

135mm Samyang lens on CMOS colour camera with dual narrowband filter. 30x120sec exposures, processed in APP and PS.

Home, 19th Jan 2023

M31 - Andromeda Galaxy
       
     
M31 - Andromeda Galaxy

135mm Samyang lens with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter on iOptron SkyGuider Pro mount.

1hr integration. Processed in APP.

Astrocamp, Cwmdu, 24th September 2022

Heart & Soul Nebula
       
     
Heart & Soul Nebula

IC1805 Heart Nebula, IC1848 Soul Nebual, Stock 2 and the Double Cluster in one field of view of the Samyang 135mm lens shooting at f/2.8 with ASI294MC Pro and L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter under full moon conditions, tracked on iOptron SkyGuider Pro. 2.5hrs Integration time.

Home, 12th Aug 2022

M27 Dumbbell Nebula
       
     
M27 Dumbbell Nebula

C11 and CMOS single shot colour camera

40x 120sec exposures with light pollution filter

Home, 6th Aug 2022

Sadr Region and Crescent Nebula
       
     
Sadr Region and Crescent Nebula

Samyang 135mm lens shooting at f/2.8 with ASI294MC Pro and L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter tracked on iOptron SkyGuider Pro. 1hr 40mins Integration time.

Home, 16th Sep 2022

NGC 7331
       
     
NGC 7331

C11 with LPro filter and CMOS Colour camera. 50x120sec exposures. Processed in APP and PS.

Home, 6th Aug 2022

IC1396 The Elephant's Trunk
       
     
IC1396 The Elephant's Trunk

Samyang 135mm lens shooting at f/2.8 with ASI294MC Pro and L-eXtreme dual narrowband filter, tracked on iOptron SkyGuider Pro. 2hrs Integration time.

Home, 17th Sep 2022

M13 Globular Cluster
       
     
M13 Globular Cluster

C11 with CMOS cooled camera with LPro filter

15 x 120sec exposures

Home, 30th April 2022

M82 The Cigar Galaxy (published in Astronomy Now, Apr 2022)
       
     
M82 The Cigar Galaxy (published in Astronomy Now, Apr 2022)

C11 with single shot colour camera and LPro filter.

120 x 120sec processed in APP and PS

Home, 22nd Feb 2022

IC5146 Cocoon Nebula
       
     
IC5146 Cocoon Nebula

C11 with ASI294MC Pro and dual narrowband filter. 2hrs integration time.

Home, 12th Aug 2022

NGC1893  'The Tadpoles' (IC410)
       
     
NGC1893 'The Tadpoles' (IC410)

C11 with CMOS OSC and dual narrowband filter.

30x120sec exposure processed in APP and PS.

Home, 19th March 2022

NGC 4565 The Needle Galaxy
       
     
NGC 4565 The Needle Galaxy

C11 with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter.

15x 120sec exposures, processed in APP.

Home, 29th April 2022

M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy
       
     
M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy

C11 with CMOS OSC camera and L-Pro filter. Two sessions from Feb and March 2022, 2 hours total integration processed in APP and PS.

Home, 20th March 2022

M42 & IC434 2-pane Mosaic
       
     
M42 & IC434 2-pane Mosaic

51mm APO and OSC colour camera, L-Pro filter. iOptron SkyGuider Pro. 2-pane mosaic, each of 80min combining The Great Orion Nebula and Hosehead/Flame nebula.

Home, Jan/Feb 2022

M63 The Sunflower Galaxy
       
     
M63 The Sunflower Galaxy

C11 with CMOS OSC camera and L-Pro filter.

60x120sec exposures over 2 sessions, stacked & processed in APP and PS.

Home, 25th Feb & 22nd Mar 2022

M97 The Owl Nebula
       
     
M97 The Owl Nebula

C11 with CMOS OSC camera and L-Pro filter.

30x120sec exposures processed in APP and PS

Home, 23rd Mar 2022

M108
       
     
M108

C11 with CMOS OSC camera and L-Pro filter.

30x120sec exposures processed in APP and PS

Home, 23rd Mar 2022

The Veil Nebula Complex #RC51SC
       
     
The Veil Nebula Complex #RC51SC

This is my processed image of the RedCat 51 Summer Challenge 2021 combining 17hrs data from myself and 3 other contributors (UK, USA, Poland) using the same optics.

My data was captured with the RedCat 51 apo, ASI294MC Pro, L-eXtreme filter on an iOptron SkyGuider Pro during Aug 2021 from home. I processed the data in APP and PS.

More on this in the main Blog

The Leo Triplet  M65  M66  NGC3628
       
     
The Leo Triplet M65 M66 NGC3628

C11 with CMOS OSC camera and L-Pro filter.

3-pane mosaic. Each pane 60x120sec exposures processed in APP and PS

Home, 24-26th Mar 2022

M42 - Great Orion Nebula
       
     
M42 - Great Orion Nebula

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera, iOptron Skyguider Pro, L-Pro filter.

40x 120sec exposures processed in APP

Home, 26th Feb 2022

M1 The Crab Nebula
       
     
M1 The Crab Nebula

30x 120sec subs in Ha/OIII narrowband

C11 with CMOS single shot colour camera

Home, 19th Jan 2022

Melotte 15
       
     
Melotte 15

RC 8” with single shot colour camera and dual narrowband filter. 30 x 120sec exposures processed in APP and PS.

Home, 1st Nov 2021

M15 - Globular Cluster
       
     
M15 - Globular Cluster

RC 8” with single shot colour camera. 20mins integration time with LPro filter.

Home, 30th Oct 2021

NGC6888 The Crescent Nebula
       
     
NGC6888 The Crescent Nebula

8”RC, 45x 120sec subs in dual narrowband on a one shot colour CMOS camera.

Home, 7th Sep 2020

NGC7000 The North America Nebula
       
     
NGC7000 The North America Nebula

51mm APO on iOptron StarGuider, CMOS single shot colour camera and dual narrowband filter.

30x 120sec exposures processed in APP and PS.

Home, 12th June 2021

NGC 2244 Rosette Nebula
       
     
NGC 2244 Rosette Nebula

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera, dual narrowband HaOIII filer.

60 x 120sec exposures stacked in APP

Home, 16th Feb 2021

M101
       
     
M101

8” RC with single shot colour CMOS camera and LPro filter.

2h 50min total exposure. Processed in APP

Home, 5th April 2021

IC1396 Elephant's Trunk & Herschel's Garnet Star
       
     
IC1396 Elephant's Trunk & Herschel's Garnet Star

Two pane mosaic, each comprising 10-15 240sec subs.

51mm APO refractor and CMOS single shot camera with dual narrowband filter, processed in APP.

Home, 1st September 2019

M106
       
     
M106

8” RC and CMOS single shot colour camera with LPro filter. 2Hrs integration with APP and PS.

Home, 14th April 2021

Markarian's Chain - Virgo A galaxy cluster - Collaboration
       
     
Markarian's Chain - Virgo A galaxy cluster - Collaboration

Collaboration with Twitter user @AstroMatt75 combining data from our matching scope/ camera/ filter configuration. Each with 51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter.

5hrs combined integration time, processed in APP.

Yorkshire & Bath, UK 4-5th April 2021

IC434 Flame & Horsehead Nebula
       
     
IC434 Flame & Horsehead Nebula

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera. iOptron Skyguider Pro.

40 x 120sec exposures with LPro filter processed in APP

Home 20th Jan 2022

IC405 Flaming Star Nebula & NGC 1893
       
     
IC405 Flaming Star Nebula & NGC 1893

51mm APO with single shot CMOS colour camera, dual narrowband filter HaOIII.

60x 120sec exposures, processed in APP and PS.

Home, 18 Feb 2021

The Draco Triplet - NGCs 5981, 5982, 5985
       
     
The Draco Triplet - NGCs 5981, 5982, 5985

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter. 2hrs integration processed in APP and PS

Home, 15th April 2021

NGC 7023 Iris Nebula
       
     
NGC 7023 Iris Nebula

8” RC with single shot CMOS colour camera and L-Pro filter.

60 x 120sec subs processed in APP.

Home, 5th Nov 2020.

NGC 7635 The Bubble Nebula
       
     
NGC 7635 The Bubble Nebula

8” RC and single shot CMOS colour camera with dual narrowband filter. 40x 120sec exposures stacked and processed in APP.

Home 25th Feb 2021

NGC891 - edge-on spiral galaxy
       
     
NGC891 - edge-on spiral galaxy

8”RC with single shot CMOS colour camera and LPro filter.

48mins integration in APP

Home, 7th Nov 2021

IC1805 The Heart Nebula
       
     
IC1805 The Heart Nebula

72min integration of 180sec subs. 51mm APO and CMOS single shot colour camera. Dual narrowband filter. Guided and tracked on iOptron Skyguider. Processed in APP

Home 21 Sep 2020

IC 1848 The Soul Nebula
       
     
IC 1848 The Soul Nebula

51mm APO on iOptron Skyguider Pro with single shot CMOS colour camera and dual narrowband filter.

2hrs 12mins integration from 2min guided subs

Home, 5th Dec 2020

M31 The Great Andromeda Galaxy - as featured in Astronomy Now Jan 2020
       
     
M31 The Great Andromeda Galaxy - as featured in Astronomy Now Jan 2020

William Optics Whitecat51 APO with single shot CMOS colour camera.

100x 120sec exposures with LPro filter. Processed in APP.

Home 19th Oct 2019

Ced214 & NGC7822 in Cepheus
       
     
Ced214 & NGC7822 in Cepheus

Bright emission nebula directly overhead in December from the UK.

2hrs 48min integration time in dual narrowband Ha OIII. 51mm APO reflector with CMOS single shot colour camera on iOptron Skyguider Pro using 2min guided subs.

Home 12th December 2020

NGC 3628 in Leo
       
     
NGC 3628 in Leo

8”RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and SkyMax L-Pro filter.

80x 120sec exposures ~ 2.5hrs integration.

Home 25th April 2020

NGC 281 Pacman Nebula
       
     
NGC 281 Pacman Nebula

8” RC and CMOS single shot colour camera

20x 240sec exposures with dual narrowband filter

Home, 7th Nov 2019

NGC1499 California Nebula
       
     
NGC1499 California Nebula

60x 120sec exposures in Dual Narrowband

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera. Processed in APP

Home, 6th Feb 2020 on the low cost pier

M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy
       
     
M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy

8” RC with CMOS cooled colour camera

70 x 120sec exposures processed with APP

Home, 17th April 2021

M45 - The Pleiades
       
     
M45 - The Pleiades

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera

70x 60sec exposures processed in APP

Home 20th Jan 2020, low cost pier

M33 Triangulum Galaxy
       
     
M33 Triangulum Galaxy

51mm APO on iOptron Skyguider Pro with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro broadband filter.

70mins integration from 2min guided subs.

Home 25th Nov 2020

Markarian's Chain, Virgo Cluster
       
     
Markarian's Chain, Virgo Cluster

Part of the string of galaxies known as Markarian’s Chain.

8” RC and CMOS single shot colour camera with Pro filter.

6-x 120 sec exposures processed in APP and PS.

Home 11th April 2020.

NGC 2264 Cone Nebula & Christmas Tree Cluster
       
     
NGC 2264 Cone Nebula & Christmas Tree Cluster

90min HaOIII data captured on 8” RC with single shot colour CMOS camera. Processed in APP.

Home 1st March 2021

NGC4889 Galaxy Cluster
       
     
NGC4889 Galaxy Cluster

This image contains c.75 galaxies with a FOV 0.85 x 0.6 deg. I have overlaid a star chart onto this image. Every ellipse represents a galaxy, centred around the larger galaxies of NGC4889 and NGC4872.

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera, LPro filter.

50x 120sec exposures processed in APP.

Home, 20th May 2020

M88
       
     
M88

8”RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter

50x 120sec exposures processed in APP

Home, 13th April 2020

M81 - Bode's Galaxy
       
     
M81 - Bode's Galaxy

8”RC with single shot CMOS colour camera, LPro filter.

90min integration time, processed in APP and PS.

Home, 16th March 2021

The Bubble Nebula NGC 7635
       
     
The Bubble Nebula NGC 7635

Also visible is cluster M52 and The Lobster Claw Sh2-157.

Wide shot in dual narrowband with 51mm APO and CMOS single shot colour camera on iOptron Skyguider Pro. 50mins integration.

Inset shot on 8” RC, 15mins integration.

Shot simultaneously 26th Oct 2020 at Home.

M92 Globular Cluster
       
     
M92 Globular Cluster

8” RC and CMOS single shot colour camera with L Pro filter.

9x 120 second exposures

Home May 2020

M3 Globular Cluster
       
     
M3 Globular Cluster

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and SkyMax Pro filter.

30x 120sec exposures processed in APP.

Home, 9th April 2020

M82 & M81
       
     
M82 & M81

M82 (left) and M81 Bode’s Galaxy (right).

8”RC and CMOS single shot colour camera

70x 120sec exposures processed in APP

Home, 16 March 2020

M53 Globular Cluster
       
     
M53 Globular Cluster

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and SkyMax LPro filter.

15x 120sec exposures processed in APP.

Home, 9th April 2020

Collinder 399 - The Coathanger asterism
       
     
Collinder 399 - The Coathanger asterism

51mm APO refractor with Pro filter and CMOS single shot colour camera on iOptron Skyguider Pro.

16min integration.

Home, 31st July 2020

IC5146 Cocoon Nebula
       
     
IC5146 Cocoon Nebula

I shot this simultaneously at 250mm and 1225mm focal lengths.

Each comprises around 30mins integration time. The wide shot is in narrowband Ha OIII. Processed in APP.

Home 25th August 2019

Large & Small Magellanic Clouds
       
     
Large & Small Magellanic Clouds

Single frame 9 sec exposure at ISO1600 with a Panasonic GX7 and 20mm pancake lens on the SiFo MSM rotator.

Lake Mckellar, South Island NZ 23rd Dec 2019

M33 Triangulum Galaxy
       
     
M33 Triangulum Galaxy

8” RC and CMOS single shot colour camera

50x 120sec exposures, processed in APP

Home, Nov 2019

NGC 6960 Witch's Broom, Western Veil Nebula
       
     
NGC 6960 Witch's Broom, Western Veil Nebula

8” RC with CMOS single-shot cooled colour camera

15x 120sec exposures

Home, July 2019

M35 and NGC2158
       
     
M35 and NGC2158

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour camera.

60x 120sec exposures, processed in APP.

Home, 23rd March 2020, low cost pier

M108 & M97 Owl Nebula
       
     
M108 & M97 Owl Nebula

72mm refractor with CMOS cooled one shot camera

15 x 120sec exposures stacked and processed in APP

Home February 2019

M100
       
     
M100

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera.

30x 120sec exposures, processed in APP.

Home, 27th March 2020

M100 - Stretched
       
     
M100 - Stretched

Same as previous image, but stretched to show all the faint galaxies in the group.

Home, 27th March 2020

M44 The Beehive Cluster
       
     
M44 The Beehive Cluster

51mm APO with CMOS single shot colour shot colour camera.

16x 120sec exposures, processed in APP.

Home 22 March 2020, low cost pier.

M36 cluster
       
     
M36 cluster

72mm refractor with CMOS cooled one shot camera

13 x 60sec exposures stacked

Home, 26th February 2019

M63 Sunflower Galaxy
       
     
M63 Sunflower Galaxy

8” RC with CMOS cooled colour camera

30 x 120sec exposures, processed in Astro Pixel Processor APP

Home 25th April 2019

M37 cluster
       
     
M37 cluster

72mm refractor with CMOS cooled one shot camera

15 x 60sec exposures stacked

Home, 26th February 2019

The Leo Triplet:  M65  M66  NGC3628
       
     
The Leo Triplet: M65 M66 NGC3628

65x 120sec subs with 8” RC, CMOS colour camera with LPro filter.

Processed in APP and PS.

Home, 4th April 2021

M38 cluster & NCG 1907
       
     
M38 cluster & NCG 1907

72mm refractor with CMOS cooled one shot camera

13 x 60sec exposures stacked

Home, 26th February 2019

M57 Ring Nebula
       
     
M57 Ring Nebula

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera and LPro filter.

45mins integration processed in APP.

Home, 26th Nov 2020

M87 Black Hole Gas Jet
       
     
M87 Black Hole Gas Jet

This is home of the famous Black Hole photograph published April 2019

M87 and its jet visible around 9 o’Clock on this image

c.5 x 300 sec exposures 8” RC and CMOS cooled colour camera

Home 12th April 2019

M109
       
     
M109

c.1hr exposure subs CMOS colour camera with RC scope.

Home 25th March 2019

NGC 2903
       
     
NGC 2903

Spiral arm galaxy in Leo

8” RC with CMOS single shot colour camera

20x 120sec stacked and processed in APP

Home 20th April 2019

Caldwell 14 The Double Cluster
       
     
Caldwell 14 The Double Cluster

NGCs 869 & 884

72mm refractor and DSLR on equatorial mount

Stack of 30sec exposures

Home, 9th January 2019

M35 cluster & NGC 2158
       
     
M35 cluster & NGC 2158

72mm refractor with CMOS cooled one shot camera

15 x 60sec exposures stacked

Home, 26th February 2019

NGC7000 The North America Nebula & Pelican Nebula
       
     
NGC7000 The North America Nebula & Pelican Nebula

51mm APO with CMOS cooled colour camera. STC Dual Narrowband filter for Ha OIII.

14x 240sec guided exposures stacked in APP

Home 25th Aug 2019

IC342 - The Hidden Galaxy
       
     
IC342 - The Hidden Galaxy

3hr 40min exposure CMOS colour camera with RC scope.

Known as the Hidden Galaxy, being large but with low surface brightness.

Processed in APP

Home 24-26th March 2019